พิมพ์คำที่ต้องการค้นหา ทั้งภาษาไทยและอังกฤษ

  1. หน้าแรก
  2. คลังความรู้
  3. สูตรตรีโกณมิติ

// บทที่ 2 · คณิตศาสตร์พื้นฐาน · สูตรและตาราง

สูตรตรีโกณมิติทั้งหมด และตารางค่า sin cos tan

เริ่มจากวงกลมหนึ่งหน่วย แล้วไล่ไปทุกหมวดที่วิศวกรต้องใช้ ตั้งแต่มุมพิเศษ เอกลักษณ์พีทาโกรัส สูตรมุมประกอบ ไปจนถึงสูตรของออยเลอร์ ฟังก์ชันผกผัน กฎของสามเหลี่ยม แคลคูลัส และอนุกรม ทุกสูตรมีชื่อภาษาอังกฤษกำกับไว้ให้ค้นต่อได้ ท้ายหน้าเป็นตารางค่า sin cos tan ทุก 0.05° ตั้งแต่ 0° ถึง 90° รวม 1,801 แถว

เขียนโดย อาจารย์มดอัปเดต
สรุปใน 30 วินาที
  • จุดบนวงกลมหนึ่งหน่วยที่มุม θ คือ (cos⁡θ, sin⁡θ)(\cos\theta,\ \sin\theta) และ tan⁡θ=sin⁡θ/cos⁡θ\tan\theta = \sin\theta/\cos\theta
  • สูตรแม่บทมีสองตัว คือ sin⁡2θ+cos⁡2θ=1\sin^2\theta + \cos^2\theta = 1 กับสูตรผลบวกของมุม สูตรอื่นเกือบทั้งหมดได้มาจากสองตัวนี้
  • มุมนอกจตุภาคที่ 1 ให้ใช้มุมอ้างอิงเปิดตาราง แล้วใส่เครื่องหมายตาม ASTC
  • ในแคลคูลัสและงานไฟฟ้า มุมต้องเป็นเรเดียน: 180∘=π180^\circ = \pi rad

วงกลมหนึ่งหน่วย (Unit Circle)

วงกลมหนึ่งหน่วยคือวงกลมรัศมี 1 ที่มีจุดศูนย์กลางที่จุดกำเนิด วางมุม θ ในตำแหน่งมาตรฐาน (standard position) คือให้แขนเริ่มต้น (initial side) ทับแกน x บวก แล้วหมุนทวนเข็มนาฬิกาเป็นมุมบวก แขนสิ้นสุด (terminal side) จะตัดวงกลมที่จุด P จุดนี้คือนิยามของ cos และ sin โดยตรง

ลากจุด P หรือแตะป้ายมุมรอบวง · ใช้ปุ่มลูกศรได้

มุม θ 30.00°

พิมพ์ได้ทั้ง 135, −45, 400 หรือ π/6, 2pi/3 เมื่อเลือกเรเดียน

คลื่นที่ได้จากการหมุน

เมื่อ P หมุนรอบวง ความสูงของ P วาดเป็น sin θ และระยะแนวนอนวาดเป็น cos θ

sin θcos θtan θ

คำศัพท์ที่ใช้กับวงกลมหนึ่งหน่วย

Unit-circle definition นิยามบนวงกลมหนึ่งหน่วย

P(θ)=(cos⁡θ, sin⁡θ)x2+y2=1\begin{gathered} P(\theta) = (\cos\theta,\ \sin\theta) \\ x^2 + y^2 = 1 \end{gathered}

วงกลมรัศมี r ใด ๆ ใช้ (x,y)=(rcos⁡θ, rsin⁡θ)(x, y) = (r\cos\theta,\ r\sin\theta)

Reference angle มุมอ้างอิง θref\theta_{\text{ref}}

θref={θQ I180∘−θQ IIθ−180∘Q III360∘−θQ IV\theta_{\text{ref}} = \begin{cases} \theta & \text{Q I} \\ 180^\circ - \theta & \text{Q II} \\ \theta - 180^\circ & \text{Q III} \\ 360^\circ - \theta & \text{Q IV} \end{cases}

มุมแหลมระหว่างแขนสิ้นสุดกับแกน x ค่าตรีโกณของ θ เท่ากับค่าของ θref\theta_{\text{ref}} ต่างกันแค่เครื่องหมาย

Coterminal angles มุมที่มีแขนสิ้นสุดร่วมกัน

θ+360∘k  =  θ+2πk(k∈Z)\begin{gathered} \theta + 360^\circ k \;=\; \theta + 2\pi k \\ (k \in \mathbb{Z}) \end{gathered}

เช่น 30°, 390°, −330° อยู่ตำแหน่งเดียวกันบนวง จึงมีค่าตรีโกณเท่ากันทุกตัว

ASTC rule เครื่องหมายในแต่ละจตุภาค

Q II · Ssin, csc บวก
Q I · Aบวกทุกตัว
Q III · Ttan, cot บวก
Q IV · Ccos, sec บวก

จำว่า “All Students Take Calculus” ไล่ทวนเข็มจากจตุภาคที่ 1

การวัดมุม องศาและเรเดียน (Angle Measure)

หนึ่งเรเดียนคือมุมที่รองรับความยาวส่วนโค้งเท่ากับรัศมี วงกลมหนึ่งรอบยาว 2πr2\pi r จึงเท่ากับ 2π2\pi เรเดียน หน่วยเรเดียนไม่มีมิติ (เป็นอัตราส่วนความยาวต่อความยาว) จึงใช้ได้ตรง ๆ ในสูตรแคลคูลัสและฟิสิกส์

Degree–radian conversion การแปลงองศาและเรเดียน

θrad=θdeg×π180∘θdeg=θrad×180∘π\begin{gathered} \theta_{\text{rad}} = \theta_{\text{deg}} \times \frac{\pi}{180^\circ} \\ \theta_{\text{deg}} = \theta_{\text{rad}} \times \frac{180^\circ}{\pi} \end{gathered}

1 rad≈57.29578∘1\ \text{rad} \approx 57.29578^\circ และ 1∘≈0.01745331^\circ \approx 0.0174533 rad

Arc length ความยาวส่วนโค้ง

s=rθs = r\theta

θ เป็นเรเดียน

Area of a sector พื้นที่เซกเตอร์

A=12r2θ=12rsA = \tfrac12 r^2\theta = \tfrac12 r s

Chord length ความยาวคอร์ด

c=2rsin⁡θ2c = 2r\sin\frac{\theta}{2}

Angular frequency ความถี่เชิงมุม

ω=2πf=2πTθ(t)=ωt+ϕ\begin{gathered} \omega = 2\pi f = \frac{2\pi}{T} \\ \theta(t) = \omega t + \phi \end{gathered}

ไฟบ้าน 50 Hz มี ω=100π≈314.16\omega = 100\pi \approx 314.16 rad/s

Turn and gradian หน่วยอื่น

1 turn=360∘=2π rad=400 grad1\ \text{turn} = 360^\circ = 2\pi\ \text{rad} = 400\ \text{grad}

เครื่องคิดเลขมีโหมด DEG, RAD, GRAD ตรวจโหมดก่อนกดทุกครั้ง

ฟังก์ชันตรีโกณมิติทั้งหก (Six Trigonometric Functions)

ในสามเหลี่ยมมุมฉาก ด้านตรงข้ามมุม θ เรียกว่า ด้านข้าม (opposite) ด้านที่ติดกับ θ เรียกว่า ด้านชิด (adjacent) และด้านตรงข้ามมุมฉากเรียกว่า ด้านฉาก หรือ ไฮโปเทนิวส์ (hypotenuse) นิยามนี้ตรงกับวงกลมหนึ่งหน่วยเมื่อด้านฉากยาว 1

Right-triangle ratios (SOH-CAH-TOA) อัตราส่วนในสามเหลี่ยมมุมฉาก

sin⁡θ=opphypcos⁡θ=adjhyptan⁡θ=oppadj\begin{gathered} \sin\theta = \frac{\text{opp}}{\text{hyp}} \\ \cos\theta = \frac{\text{adj}}{\text{hyp}} \\ \tan\theta = \frac{\text{opp}}{\text{adj}} \end{gathered}

ภาษาไทยจำว่า sin = ข้าม/ฉาก, cos = ชิด/ฉาก, tan = ข้าม/ชิด

Reciprocal identities เอกลักษณ์ส่วนกลับ

csc⁡θ=1sin⁡θsec⁡θ=1cos⁡θcot⁡θ=1tan⁡θ\begin{gathered} \csc\theta = \frac{1}{\sin\theta} \\ \sec\theta = \frac{1}{\cos\theta} \\ \cot\theta = \frac{1}{\tan\theta} \end{gathered}

cosecant, secant, cotangent · คู่ที่มี “co” จับคู่กับตัวที่ไม่มี co

Quotient identities เอกลักษณ์ผลหาร

tan⁡θ=sin⁡θcos⁡θcot⁡θ=cos⁡θsin⁡θ\begin{gathered} \tan\theta = \frac{\sin\theta}{\cos\theta} \\ \cot\theta = \frac{\cos\theta}{\sin\theta} \end{gathered}

Slope interpretation tan คือความชัน

m=tan⁡θm = \tan\theta

เส้นตรงที่ทำมุม θ กับแกน x มีความชัน tan θ และ tan θ ยังเป็นความยาวเส้นสัมผัสวงกลมที่ x = 1 (ดูเส้นสีเขียวในรูปวงกลม)

โดเมน เรนจ์ และคาบ (Domain, Range, Period)

ฟังก์ชันโดเมนเรนจ์คาบคู่/คี่
sin⁡θ\sin\thetaR\mathbb{R}[−1,1][-1, 1]2π2\piคี่ (odd)
cos⁡θ\cos\thetaR\mathbb{R}[−1,1][-1, 1]2π2\piคู่ (even)
tan⁡θ\tan\thetaθ≠π2+kπ\theta \ne \tfrac{\pi}{2} + k\piR\mathbb{R}π\piคี่
csc⁡θ\csc\thetaθ≠kπ\theta \ne k\pi(−∞,−1]∪[1,∞)(-\infty,-1] \cup [1,\infty)2π2\piคี่
sec⁡θ\sec\thetaθ≠π2+kπ\theta \ne \tfrac{\pi}{2} + k\pi(−∞,−1]∪[1,∞)(-\infty,-1] \cup [1,\infty)2π2\piคู่
cot⁡θ\cot\thetaθ≠kπ\theta \ne k\piR\mathbb{R}π\piคี่

ค่าตรีโกณมิติของมุมพิเศษ (Exact Values of Special Angles)

The √n / 2 pattern เทคนิคจำมุม 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

sin⁡θ: 02, 12, 22, 32, 42cos⁡θ: ลำดับเดียวกันแต่กลับหลัง\begin{gathered} \sin\theta:\ \frac{\sqrt0}{2},\ \frac{\sqrt1}{2},\ \frac{\sqrt2}{2},\ \frac{\sqrt3}{2},\ \frac{\sqrt4}{2} \\ \cos\theta:\ \text{ลำดับเดียวกันแต่กลับหลัง} \end{gathered}

มาจากสามเหลี่ยมมุมฉากสองแบบ คือ 45-45-90 ด้าน 1:1:21 : 1 : \sqrt2 และ 30-60-90 ด้าน 1:3:21 : \sqrt3 : 2

θเรเดียนsin θcos θtan θ
0°00001100
15°π12\tfrac{\pi}{12}6−24\tfrac{\sqrt6-\sqrt2}{4}6+24\tfrac{\sqrt6+\sqrt2}{4}2−32-\sqrt3
18°π10\tfrac{\pi}{10}5−14\tfrac{\sqrt5-1}{4}10+254\tfrac{\sqrt{10+2\sqrt5}}{4}25−1055\tfrac{\sqrt{25-10\sqrt5}}{5}
22.5°π8\tfrac{\pi}{8}2−22\tfrac{\sqrt{2-\sqrt2}}{2}2+22\tfrac{\sqrt{2+\sqrt2}}{2}2−1\sqrt2-1
30°π6\tfrac{\pi}{6}12\tfrac1232\tfrac{\sqrt3}{2}33\tfrac{\sqrt3}{3}
36°π5\tfrac{\pi}{5}10−254\tfrac{\sqrt{10-2\sqrt5}}{4}1+54\tfrac{1+\sqrt5}{4}5−25\sqrt{5-2\sqrt5}
45°π4\tfrac{\pi}{4}22\tfrac{\sqrt2}{2}22\tfrac{\sqrt2}{2}11
54°3π10\tfrac{3\pi}{10}1+54\tfrac{1+\sqrt5}{4}10−254\tfrac{\sqrt{10-2\sqrt5}}{4}25+1055\tfrac{\sqrt{25+10\sqrt5}}{5}
60°π3\tfrac{\pi}{3}32\tfrac{\sqrt3}{2}12\tfrac123\sqrt3
67.5°3π8\tfrac{3\pi}{8}2+22\tfrac{\sqrt{2+\sqrt2}}{2}2−22\tfrac{\sqrt{2-\sqrt2}}{2}2+1\sqrt2+1
72°2π5\tfrac{2\pi}{5}10+254\tfrac{\sqrt{10+2\sqrt5}}{4}5−14\tfrac{\sqrt5-1}{4}5+25\sqrt{5+2\sqrt5}
75°5π12\tfrac{5\pi}{12}6+24\tfrac{\sqrt6+\sqrt2}{4}6−24\tfrac{\sqrt6-\sqrt2}{4}2+32+\sqrt3
90°π2\tfrac{\pi}{2}1100ไม่นิยาม

ค่า cos⁡36∘=1+54=φ2\cos 36^\circ = \tfrac{1+\sqrt5}{4} = \tfrac{\varphi}{2} เมื่อ φ\varphi คืออัตราส่วนทองคำ (golden ratio) มุม 18°, 36°, 54°, 72° จึงพบในรูปห้าเหลี่ยมด้านเท่า

ส่วนกลับของมุมหลัก (csc, sec, cot)

θcsc θsec θcot θ
0°ไม่นิยาม11ไม่นิยาม
30°22233\tfrac{2\sqrt3}{3}3\sqrt3
45°2\sqrt22\sqrt211
60°233\tfrac{2\sqrt3}{3}2233\tfrac{\sqrt3}{3}
90°11ไม่นิยาม00

รอบวงกลม 0° ถึง 360°

θradจตุภาคsin θcos θtan θ
0°00แกน +x001100
30°π6\tfrac{\pi}{6}I12\tfrac1232\tfrac{\sqrt3}{2}33\tfrac{\sqrt3}{3}
45°π4\tfrac{\pi}{4}I22\tfrac{\sqrt2}{2}22\tfrac{\sqrt2}{2}11
60°π3\tfrac{\pi}{3}I32\tfrac{\sqrt3}{2}12\tfrac123\sqrt3
90°π2\tfrac{\pi}{2}แกน +y1100ไม่นิยาม
120°2π3\tfrac{2\pi}{3}II32\tfrac{\sqrt3}{2}−12-\tfrac12−3-\sqrt3
135°3π4\tfrac{3\pi}{4}II22\tfrac{\sqrt2}{2}−22-\tfrac{\sqrt2}{2}−1-1
150°5π6\tfrac{5\pi}{6}II12\tfrac12−32-\tfrac{\sqrt3}{2}−33-\tfrac{\sqrt3}{3}
180°π\piแกน −x00−1-100
210°7π6\tfrac{7\pi}{6}III−12-\tfrac12−32-\tfrac{\sqrt3}{2}33\tfrac{\sqrt3}{3}
225°5π4\tfrac{5\pi}{4}III−22-\tfrac{\sqrt2}{2}−22-\tfrac{\sqrt2}{2}11
240°4π3\tfrac{4\pi}{3}III−32-\tfrac{\sqrt3}{2}−12-\tfrac123\sqrt3
270°3π2\tfrac{3\pi}{2}แกน −y−1-100ไม่นิยาม
300°5π3\tfrac{5\pi}{3}IV−32-\tfrac{\sqrt3}{2}12\tfrac12−3-\sqrt3
315°7π4\tfrac{7\pi}{4}IV−22-\tfrac{\sqrt2}{2}22\tfrac{\sqrt2}{2}−1-1
330°11π6\tfrac{11\pi}{6}IV−12-\tfrac1232\tfrac{\sqrt3}{2}−33-\tfrac{\sqrt3}{3}
360°2π2\piแกน +x001100

เอกลักษณ์พีทาโกรัส (Pythagorean Identities)

จุด (cos⁡θ,sin⁡θ)(\cos\theta, \sin\theta) อยู่บนวงกลม x2+y2=1x^2 + y^2 = 1 เสมอ จึงได้เอกลักษณ์ตัวแรกทันที อีกสองตัวได้จากการหารด้วย cos⁡2θ\cos^2\theta และ sin⁡2θ\sin^2\theta

Pythagorean identity เอกลักษณ์พีทาโกรัส

sin⁡2θ+cos⁡2θ=1\sin^2\theta + \cos^2\theta = 1

Tangent–secant form รูป tan กับ sec

1+tan⁡2θ=sec⁡2θ1 + \tan^2\theta = \sec^2\theta

Cotangent–cosecant form รูป cot กับ csc

1+cot⁡2θ=csc⁡2θ1 + \cot^2\theta = \csc^2\theta

Expressing one function by another เขียนฟังก์ชันหนึ่งด้วยอีกฟังก์ชัน

sin⁡θ=±1−cos⁡2θ=±tan⁡θ1+tan⁡2θcos⁡θ=±1−sin⁡2θ=±11+tan⁡2θ\begin{gathered} \sin\theta = \pm\sqrt{1-\cos^2\theta} = \pm\frac{\tan\theta}{\sqrt{1+\tan^2\theta}} \\ \cos\theta = \pm\sqrt{1-\sin^2\theta} = \pm\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+\tan^2\theta}} \end{gathered}

เลือกเครื่องหมายตามจตุภาคของ θ

สมมาตร คาบ และโคฟังก์ชัน (Symmetry, Periodicity, Cofunctions)

Even–odd identities เอกลักษณ์ฟังก์ชันคู่-คี่

sin⁡(−θ)=−sin⁡θcos⁡(−θ)=cos⁡θtan⁡(−θ)=−tan⁡θ\begin{gathered} \sin(-\theta) = -\sin\theta \\ \cos(-\theta) = \cos\theta \\ \tan(-\theta) = -\tan\theta \end{gathered}

cos และ sec เป็นฟังก์ชันคู่ ที่เหลือเป็นฟังก์ชันคี่

Periodicity identities เอกลักษณ์คาบ

sin⁡(θ+2πk)=sin⁡θcos⁡(θ+2πk)=cos⁡θtan⁡(θ+πk)=tan⁡θ\begin{gathered} \sin(\theta + 2\pi k) = \sin\theta \\ \cos(\theta + 2\pi k) = \cos\theta \\ \tan(\theta + \pi k) = \tan\theta \end{gathered}

Cofunction identities เอกลักษณ์โคฟังก์ชัน (มุมประกอบสองมุมฉาก)

sin⁡ ⁣(π2−θ)=cos⁡θtan⁡ ⁣(π2−θ)=cot⁡θsec⁡ ⁣(π2−θ)=csc⁡θ\begin{gathered} \sin\!\left(\tfrac{\pi}{2} - \theta\right) = \cos\theta \\ \tan\!\left(\tfrac{\pi}{2} - \theta\right) = \cot\theta \\ \sec\!\left(\tfrac{\pi}{2} - \theta\right) = \csc\theta \end{gathered}

คำว่า co-sine มาจาก complement’s sine คือ sine ของมุมที่เหลือ เช่น cos 70° = sin 20°

Supplementary-angle identities มุมรวมกันได้ 180°

sin⁡(π−θ)=sin⁡θcos⁡(π−θ)=−cos⁡θtan⁡(π−θ)=−tan⁡θ\begin{gathered} \sin(\pi - \theta) = \sin\theta \\ \cos(\pi - \theta) = -\cos\theta \\ \tan(\pi - \theta) = -\tan\theta \end{gathered}

Quarter-period shifts การเลื่อนเฟส 90° และ 180°

sin⁡ ⁣(θ+π2)=cos⁡θcos⁡ ⁣(θ+π2)=−sin⁡θsin⁡(θ+π)=−sin⁡θcos⁡(θ+π)=−cos⁡θ\begin{gathered} \sin\!\left(\theta + \tfrac{\pi}{2}\right) = \cos\theta \\ \cos\!\left(\theta + \tfrac{\pi}{2}\right) = -\sin\theta \\ \sin(\theta + \pi) = -\sin\theta \\ \cos(\theta + \pi) = -\cos\theta \end{gathered}

ในวงจรไฟฟ้า cos นำหน้า (lead) sin อยู่ 90° กระแสในตัวเก็บประจุจึงนำแรงดัน 90° เพราะ ddtsin⁡ωt=ωcos⁡ωt\tfrac{d}{dt}\sin\omega t = \omega\cos\omega t

ตารางลดมุม (Reduction Formulas)

กฎจำ: มุม π±θ\pi \pm \theta และ 2π−θ2\pi - \theta ชื่อฟังก์ชันคงเดิม ส่วนมุม π2±θ\tfrac{\pi}{2} \pm \theta และ 3π2±θ\tfrac{3\pi}{2} \pm \theta เปลี่ยนเป็นโคฟังก์ชัน แล้วใส่เครื่องหมายตามจตุภาคของมุมเดิมโดยถือว่า θ เป็นมุมแหลม

มุมsincostan
−θ-\theta−sin⁡θ-\sin\thetacos⁡θ\cos\theta−tan⁡θ-\tan\theta
π2−θ\tfrac{\pi}{2} - \thetacos⁡θ\cos\thetasin⁡θ\sin\thetacot⁡θ\cot\theta
π2+θ\tfrac{\pi}{2} + \thetacos⁡θ\cos\theta−sin⁡θ-\sin\theta−cot⁡θ-\cot\theta
π−θ\pi - \thetasin⁡θ\sin\theta−cos⁡θ-\cos\theta−tan⁡θ-\tan\theta
π+θ\pi + \theta−sin⁡θ-\sin\theta−cos⁡θ-\cos\thetatan⁡θ\tan\theta
3π2−θ\tfrac{3\pi}{2} - \theta−cos⁡θ-\cos\theta−sin⁡θ-\sin\thetacot⁡θ\cot\theta
3π2+θ\tfrac{3\pi}{2} + \theta−cos⁡θ-\cos\thetasin⁡θ\sin\theta−cot⁡θ-\cot\theta
2π−θ2\pi - \theta−sin⁡θ-\sin\thetacos⁡θ\cos\theta−tan⁡θ-\tan\theta

สูตรผลบวกและผลต่างของมุม (Angle Sum and Difference)

สูตรกลุ่มนี้เป็นแม่บทของสูตรมุมสองเท่า ครึ่งมุม และผลคูณเป็นผลบวก จำสูตร sin กับ cos ให้ได้ก่อน สูตรอื่นแปลงตามมาได้

Sine of a sum / difference sin ของผลบวกและผลต่าง

sin⁡(A±B)=sin⁡Acos⁡B±cos⁡Asin⁡B\sin(A \pm B) = \sin A\cos B \pm \cos A\sin B

Cosine of a sum / difference cos ของผลบวกและผลต่าง

cos⁡(A±B)=cos⁡Acos⁡B∓sin⁡Asin⁡B\cos(A \pm B) = \cos A\cos B \mp \sin A\sin B

สังเกตเครื่องหมายกลับ: cos ของผลบวกได้ “ลบ”

Tangent of a sum / difference tan ของผลบวกและผลต่าง

tan⁡(A±B)=tan⁡A±tan⁡B1∓tan⁡Atan⁡B\tan(A \pm B) = \frac{\tan A \pm \tan B}{1 \mp \tan A\tan B}

Cotangent of a sum / difference cot ของผลบวกและผลต่าง

cot⁡(A±B)=cot⁡Acot⁡B∓1cot⁡B±cot⁡A\cot(A \pm B) = \frac{\cot A\cot B \mp 1}{\cot B \pm \cot A}

Difference-of-squares forms รูปผลต่างกำลังสอง

sin⁡(A+B)sin⁡(A−B)=sin⁡2A−sin⁡2Bcos⁡(A+B)cos⁡(A−B)=cos⁡2A−sin⁡2B\begin{gathered} \sin(A+B)\sin(A-B) = \sin^2 A - \sin^2 B \\ \cos(A+B)\cos(A-B) = \cos^2 A - \sin^2 B \end{gathered}
มาจากไหน: หมุนเวกเตอร์ (cos⁡B,sin⁡B)(\cos B, \sin B) ไปอีกมุม A ด้วยเมทริกซ์การหมุน [cos⁡A−sin⁡Asin⁡Acos⁡A]\begin{bmatrix} \cos A & -\sin A \\ \sin A & \cos A \end{bmatrix} จะได้จุด (cos⁡(A+B),sin⁡(A+B))(\cos(A+B), \sin(A+B)) คูณเมทริกซ์ออกมาก็ได้สองสูตรแรกพร้อมกัน หรือใช้ ej(A+B)=ejAejBe^{j(A+B)} = e^{jA}e^{jB} ในหัวข้อสูตรของออยเลอร์
ตัวอย่างที่ 1

หาค่าแม่นตรงของ sin⁡75∘\sin 75^\circ

ดูวิธีทำ sin⁡75∘=sin⁡(45∘+30∘)=sin⁡45∘cos⁡30∘+cos⁡45∘sin⁡30∘=22⋅32+22⋅12=6+24\begin{aligned} \sin 75^\circ &= \sin(45^\circ + 30^\circ) \\ &= \sin45^\circ\cos30^\circ + \cos45^\circ\sin30^\circ \\ &= \frac{\sqrt2}{2}\cdot\frac{\sqrt3}{2} + \frac{\sqrt2}{2}\cdot\frac12 = \frac{\sqrt6 + \sqrt2}{4} \end{aligned}

sin⁡75∘=6+24≈0.965926\sin 75^\circ = \tfrac{\sqrt6+\sqrt2}{4} \approx 0.965926 ตรงกับแถว 75.00° ในตารางท้ายหน้า

สูตรมุมสองเท่า (Double-Angle Formulas)

แทน B=AB = A ในสูตรผลบวกของมุม

Sine double-angle sin มุมสองเท่า

sin⁡2θ=2sin⁡θcos⁡θ=2tan⁡θ1+tan⁡2θ\sin 2\theta = 2\sin\theta\cos\theta = \frac{2\tan\theta}{1+\tan^2\theta}

Tangent double-angle tan มุมสองเท่า

tan⁡2θ=2tan⁡θ1−tan⁡2θ\tan 2\theta = \frac{2\tan\theta}{1-\tan^2\theta}

Cosine double-angle (three forms) cos มุมสองเท่า มีสามรูป

cos⁡2θ=cos⁡2θ−sin⁡2θ=2cos⁡2θ−1=1−2sin⁡2θ=1−tan⁡2θ1+tan⁡2θ\begin{aligned} \cos 2\theta &= \cos^2\theta - \sin^2\theta \\ &= 2\cos^2\theta - 1 \\ &= 1 - 2\sin^2\theta \\ &= \frac{1-\tan^2\theta}{1+\tan^2\theta} \end{aligned}

เลือกรูปที่ทำให้เหลือฟังก์ชันเดียว จะช่วยให้แก้สมการหรืออินทิเกรตง่ายขึ้น

สูตรมุมสามเท่าและมุมหลายเท่า (Triple- and Multiple-Angle)

Sine triple-angle sin มุมสามเท่า

sin⁡3θ=3sin⁡θ−4sin⁡3θ\sin 3\theta = 3\sin\theta - 4\sin^3\theta

Cosine triple-angle cos มุมสามเท่า

cos⁡3θ=4cos⁡3θ−3cos⁡θ\cos 3\theta = 4\cos^3\theta - 3\cos\theta

Tangent triple-angle tan มุมสามเท่า

tan⁡3θ=3tan⁡θ−tan⁡3θ1−3tan⁡2θ\tan 3\theta = \frac{3\tan\theta - \tan^3\theta}{1 - 3\tan^2\theta}

Chebyshev recurrence สูตรเวียนเกิดของมุมหลายเท่า

cos⁡(n+1)θ=2cos⁡θ cos⁡nθ−cos⁡(n−1)θ\cos(n+1)\theta = 2\cos\theta\,\cos n\theta - \cos(n-1)\theta

cos⁡nθ=Tn(cos⁡θ)\cos n\theta = T_n(\cos\theta) เป็นพหุนามเชบีเชฟ ใช้ออกแบบวงกรองแบบเชบีเชฟ

สูตรครึ่งมุม (Half-Angle Formulas)

แก้สูตร cos⁡2x\cos 2x กลับหา sin⁡x\sin x และ cos⁡x\cos x แล้วแทน x=θ/2x = \theta/2 เครื่องหมาย ± ให้เลือกตามจตุภาคของ θ/2\theta/2 ไม่ใช่ของ θ

Sine half-angle sin ครึ่งมุม

sin⁡θ2=±1−cos⁡θ2\sin\frac{\theta}{2} = \pm\sqrt{\frac{1-\cos\theta}{2}}

Cosine half-angle cos ครึ่งมุม

cos⁡θ2=±1+cos⁡θ2\cos\frac{\theta}{2} = \pm\sqrt{\frac{1+\cos\theta}{2}}

Tangent half-angle tan ครึ่งมุม

tan⁡θ2=±1−cos⁡θ1+cos⁡θ=sin⁡θ1+cos⁡θ=1−cos⁡θsin⁡θ\begin{aligned} \tan\frac{\theta}{2} &= \pm\sqrt{\frac{1-\cos\theta}{1+\cos\theta}} \\ &= \frac{\sin\theta}{1+\cos\theta} = \frac{1-\cos\theta}{\sin\theta} \end{aligned}

สองรูปหลังไม่มี ± ให้กังวล ใช้สะดวกกว่า

ตัวอย่างที่ 2

หา cos⁡22.5∘\cos 22.5^\circ จากสูตรครึ่งมุม

ดูวิธีทำ cos⁡22.5∘=cos⁡45∘2=+1+222=2+22\cos 22.5^\circ = \cos\frac{45^\circ}{2} = +\sqrt{\frac{1 + \tfrac{\sqrt2}{2}}{2}} = \frac{\sqrt{2+\sqrt2}}{2}

22.5° อยู่จตุภาคที่ 1 จึงเลือกเครื่องหมายบวก ได้ ≈0.923880\approx 0.923880

สูตรลดกำลัง (Power-Reduction Formulas)

เปลี่ยนกำลังสองหรือกำลังสูงให้เป็นผลบวกของ cos มุมหลายเท่าที่มีกำลังหนึ่ง จำเป็นมากเวลาอินทิเกรต หาค่า RMS และหาส่วนประกอบฮาร์มอนิก (ดูการใช้งานจริงใน อ่านสัมประสิทธิ์ฟูเรียร์จาก sin³ และ cos²)

Square of sine sin กำลังสอง

sin⁡2θ=1−cos⁡2θ2\sin^2\theta = \frac{1-\cos 2\theta}{2}

Square of cosine cos กำลังสอง

cos⁡2θ=1+cos⁡2θ2\cos^2\theta = \frac{1+\cos 2\theta}{2}

Square of tangent tan กำลังสอง

tan⁡2θ=1−cos⁡2θ1+cos⁡2θ\tan^2\theta = \frac{1-\cos 2\theta}{1+\cos 2\theta}

Product of squares ผลคูณกำลังสอง

sin⁡2θcos⁡2θ=1−cos⁡4θ8\sin^2\theta\cos^2\theta = \frac{1-\cos 4\theta}{8}

Cube of sine sin กำลังสาม

sin⁡3θ=3sin⁡θ−sin⁡3θ4\sin^3\theta = \frac{3\sin\theta - \sin 3\theta}{4}

Cube of cosine cos กำลังสาม

cos⁡3θ=3cos⁡θ+cos⁡3θ4\cos^3\theta = \frac{3\cos\theta + \cos 3\theta}{4}

Fourth power of sine sin กำลังสี่

sin⁡4θ=3−4cos⁡2θ+cos⁡4θ8\sin^4\theta = \frac{3 - 4\cos 2\theta + \cos 4\theta}{8}

Fourth power of cosine cos กำลังสี่

cos⁡4θ=3+4cos⁡2θ+cos⁡4θ8\cos^4\theta = \frac{3 + 4\cos 2\theta + \cos 4\theta}{8}
มุมมองวิศวกร: cos⁡3ωt=34cos⁡ωt+14cos⁡3ωt\cos^3\omega t = \tfrac34\cos\omega t + \tfrac14\cos 3\omega t บอกว่าอุปกรณ์ที่ไม่เป็นเชิงเส้นแบบกำลังสาม สร้างฮาร์มอนิกที่ 3 ออกมาด้วยแอมพลิจูดหนึ่งในสี่ (ดู สมมาตรของความไม่เป็นเชิงเส้น)

ผลคูณเป็นผลบวก (Product-to-Sum Formulas)

ได้จากการบวกหรือลบสูตรผลบวกและผลต่างของมุม หลักการของวงจรผสมสัญญาณ (mixer) และการมอดูเลตแอมพลิจูด (AM)

Product of cosines ผลคูณ cos กับ cos

cos⁡Acos⁡B=12[cos⁡(A−B)+cos⁡(A+B)]\cos A\cos B = \tfrac12\left[\cos(A-B) + \cos(A+B)\right]

Product of sines ผลคูณ sin กับ sin

sin⁡Asin⁡B=12[cos⁡(A−B)−cos⁡(A+B)]\sin A\sin B = \tfrac12\left[\cos(A-B) - \cos(A+B)\right]

Sine–cosine product ผลคูณ sin กับ cos

sin⁡Acos⁡B=12[sin⁡(A+B)+sin⁡(A−B)]\sin A\cos B = \tfrac12\left[\sin(A+B) + \sin(A-B)\right]

Cosine–sine product ผลคูณ cos กับ sin

cos⁡Asin⁡B=12[sin⁡(A+B)−sin⁡(A−B)]\cos A\sin B = \tfrac12\left[\sin(A+B) - \sin(A-B)\right]
ตัวอย่างที่ 3

มิกเซอร์คูณสัญญาณ 1000 Hz กับ 100 Hz ได้ความถี่อะไร

ดูวิธีทำ cos⁡(2π⋅1000t)cos⁡(2π⋅100t)=12cos⁡(2π⋅900t)+12cos⁡(2π⋅1100t)\begin{aligned} &\cos(2\pi\cdot1000t)\cos(2\pi\cdot100t) \\ &\quad = \tfrac12\cos(2\pi\cdot900t) + \tfrac12\cos(2\pi\cdot1100t) \end{aligned}

ได้ความถี่ผลต่าง 900 Hz และผลบวก 1100 Hz แอมพลิจูดตัวละครึ่งหนึ่ง เรียกว่าแถบข้าง (sidebands) ไม่มี 1000 Hz หรือ 100 Hz เหลืออยู่เลย

ผลบวกเป็นผลคูณ (Sum-to-Product Formulas)

ทิศกลับของหัวข้อก่อน ใช้แยกตัวประกอบสมการตรีโกณ และอธิบายปรากฏการณ์บีต (beats) เมื่อคลื่นสองความถี่ใกล้กันรวมกัน

Sum of sines ผลบวกของ sin

sin⁡A+sin⁡B=2sin⁡A+B2cos⁡A−B2\sin A + \sin B = 2\sin\frac{A+B}{2}\cos\frac{A-B}{2}

Difference of sines ผลต่างของ sin

sin⁡A−sin⁡B=2cos⁡A+B2sin⁡A−B2\sin A - \sin B = 2\cos\frac{A+B}{2}\sin\frac{A-B}{2}

Sum of cosines ผลบวกของ cos (ใช้อธิบายบีต)

cos⁡A+cos⁡B=2cos⁡A+B2cos⁡A−B2\cos A + \cos B = 2\cos\frac{A+B}{2}\cos\frac{A-B}{2}

Difference of cosines ผลต่างของ cos

cos⁡A−cos⁡B=−2sin⁡A+B2sin⁡A−B2\cos A - \cos B = -2\sin\frac{A+B}{2}\sin\frac{A-B}{2}

Sum of tangents ผลบวกของ tan

tan⁡A±tan⁡B=sin⁡(A±B)cos⁡Acos⁡B\tan A \pm \tan B = \frac{\sin(A \pm B)}{\cos A\cos B}

การรวมไซน์และโคไซน์เป็นคลื่นเดียว (Harmonic Addition)

ไซน์และโคไซน์ความถี่เดียวกันรวมกันได้คลื่นไซน์ตัวเดียวเสมอ ในตำราบางเล่มเรียกว่า R-formula หรือ auxiliary angle method เป็นพื้นฐานของเฟเซอร์ (phasor) ในวงจรไฟฟ้ากระแสสลับ

Harmonic addition theorem รวมเป็นไซน์ตัวเดียว

asin⁡θ+bcos⁡θ=Rsin⁡(θ+φ)R=a2+b2φ=atan2⁡(b,a)\begin{gathered} a\sin\theta + b\cos\theta = R\sin(\theta + \varphi) \\ R = \sqrt{a^2 + b^2} \\ \varphi = \operatorname{atan2}(b, a) \end{gathered}

นั่นคือ cos⁡φ=a/R\cos\varphi = a/R และ sin⁡φ=b/R\sin\varphi = b/R ค่ามากสุดของนิพจน์คือ R และน้อยสุดคือ −R

Cosine form เขียนเป็น cos

acos⁡θ+bsin⁡θ=Rcos⁡(θ−φ)R=a2+b2φ=atan2⁡(b,a)\begin{gathered} a\cos\theta + b\sin\theta = R\cos(\theta - \varphi) \\ R = \sqrt{a^2 + b^2} \\ \varphi = \operatorname{atan2}(b, a) \end{gathered}
ตัวอย่างที่ 4

เขียน 3sin⁡ωt+4cos⁡ωt3\sin\omega t + 4\cos\omega t เป็นคลื่นไซน์ตัวเดียว

ดูวิธีทำ R=32+42=5φ=atan2⁡(4,3)=arctan⁡43≈53.13∘\begin{gathered} R = \sqrt{3^2 + 4^2} = 5 \\ \varphi = \operatorname{atan2}(4, 3) = \arctan\tfrac43 \approx 53.13^\circ \end{gathered}

3sin⁡ωt+4cos⁡ωt=5sin⁡(ωt+53.13∘)3\sin\omega t + 4\cos\omega t = 5\sin(\omega t + 53.13^\circ) ค่ายอด 5 นำหน้า sin อยู่ 53.13° เทียบกับเฟเซอร์ 3+j4=5∠53.13∘3 + j4 = 5\angle 53.13^\circ

การแทนค่า t = tan(θ/2) (Weierstrass Substitution)

เปลี่ยนฟังก์ชันตรีโกณทุกตัวเป็นฟังก์ชันตรรกยะของตัวแปรเดียว จึงอินทิเกรตด้วยเศษส่วนย่อยได้ เรียกอีกชื่อว่า tangent half-angle substitution

Weierstrass substitution แทนค่าด้วย t = tan(θ/2)

sin⁡θ=2t1+t2cos⁡θ=1−t21+t2tan⁡θ=2t1−t2dθ=2 dt1+t2\begin{gathered} \sin\theta = \frac{2t}{1+t^2} \\ \cos\theta = \frac{1-t^2}{1+t^2} \\ \tan\theta = \frac{2t}{1-t^2} \\ d\theta = \frac{2\,dt}{1+t^2} \end{gathered}

ใช้กับปริพันธ์อย่าง ∫dθa+bcos⁡θ\int \frac{d\theta}{a + b\cos\theta} และเป็นที่มาของการแปลงไบลิเนียร์ (bilinear / Tustin) ในการออกแบบตัวกรองดิจิทัล ซึ่งมีการบิดความถี่ ωa=2Ttan⁡ωdT2\omega_a = \tfrac{2}{T}\tan\tfrac{\omega_d T}{2}

สูตรของออยเลอร์และจำนวนเชิงซ้อน (Euler’s Formula)

สะพานเชื่อมตรีโกณมิติกับเลขชี้กำลัง วิศวกรไฟฟ้าใช้ j=−1j = \sqrt{-1} แทน i เพราะ i ใช้แทนกระแสไฟฟ้า สูตรเกือบทุกตัวในหน้านี้พิสูจน์ได้ในบรรทัดเดียวด้วยสูตรนี้

Euler’s formula สูตรของออยเลอร์

ejθ=cos⁡θ+jsin⁡θejπ+1=0\begin{gathered} e^{j\theta} = \cos\theta + j\sin\theta \\ e^{j\pi} + 1 = 0 \end{gathered}

Exponential forms รูปเลขชี้กำลังของ sin และ cos

cos⁡θ=ejθ+e−jθ2sin⁡θ=ejθ−e−jθ2j\begin{gathered} \cos\theta = \frac{e^{j\theta} + e^{-j\theta}}{2} \\ \sin\theta = \frac{e^{j\theta} - e^{-j\theta}}{2j} \end{gathered}

De Moivre’s theorem ทฤษฎีบทของเดอมัวฟร์

(cos⁡θ+jsin⁡θ)n=cos⁡nθ+jsin⁡nθ(\cos\theta + j\sin\theta)^n = \cos n\theta + j\sin n\theta

Polar form รูปเชิงขั้วของจำนวนเชิงซ้อน

x+jy=rejθ=r∠θr=x2+y2θ=atan2⁡(y,x)\begin{gathered} x + jy = r e^{j\theta} = r\angle\theta \\ r = \sqrt{x^2+y^2} \\ \theta = \operatorname{atan2}(y, x) \end{gathered}

Link to hyperbolic functions เชื่อมกับฟังก์ชันไฮเพอร์โบลิก

cos⁡(jx)=cosh⁡xsin⁡(jx)=jsinh⁡xcosh⁡2x−sinh⁡2x=1\begin{gathered} \cos(jx) = \cosh x \\ \sin(jx) = j\sinh x \\ \cosh^2x - \sinh^2x = 1 \end{gathered}
พิสูจน์สูตรผลบวกในบรรทัดเดียว: ej(A+B)=ejAejB=(cos⁡A+jsin⁡A)(cos⁡B+jsin⁡B)e^{j(A+B)} = e^{jA}e^{jB} = (\cos A + j\sin A)(\cos B + j\sin B) กระจายแล้วเทียบส่วนจริงได้ cos⁡(A+B)\cos(A+B) เทียบส่วนจินตภาพได้ sin⁡(A+B)\sin(A+B)

ฟังก์ชันตรีโกณมิติผกผัน (Inverse Trigonometric Functions)

ฟังก์ชันตรีโกณไม่ใช่ฟังก์ชันหนึ่งต่อหนึ่ง จึงต้องจำกัดช่วงก่อนหาตัวผกผัน ช่วงที่เลือกนี้เรียกว่า ค่าหลัก (principal value) เครื่องคิดเลขตอบค่าหลักเสมอ

ฟังก์ชันชื่ออังกฤษโดเมนเรนจ์ (ค่าหลัก)
arcsin⁡x=sin⁡−1x\arcsin x = \sin^{-1}xarcsine[−1,1][-1, 1][−π2,π2][-\tfrac{\pi}{2}, \tfrac{\pi}{2}]
arccos⁡x=cos⁡−1x\arccos x = \cos^{-1}xarccosine[−1,1][-1, 1][0,π][0, \pi]
arctan⁡x=tan⁡−1x\arctan x = \tan^{-1}xarctangentR\mathbb{R}(−π2,π2)(-\tfrac{\pi}{2}, \tfrac{\pi}{2})
arccot⁡x\operatorname{arccot} xarccotangentR\mathbb{R}(0,π)(0, \pi)
arcsec⁡x\operatorname{arcsec} xarcsecant∣x∣≥1|x| \ge 1[0,π], ≠π2[0, \pi],\ \ne \tfrac{\pi}{2}
arccsc⁡x\operatorname{arccsc} xarccosecant∣x∣≥1|x| \ge 1[−π2,π2], ≠0[-\tfrac{\pi}{2}, \tfrac{\pi}{2}],\ \ne 0

ระวัง: sin⁡−1x\sin^{-1}x คือ arcsin ไม่ใช่ 1/sin⁡x1/\sin x ซึ่งคือ csc x

Complementary identities ผลบวกเป็นมุมฉาก

arcsin⁡x+arccos⁡x=π2arctan⁡x+arccot⁡x=π2\begin{gathered} \arcsin x + \arccos x = \frac{\pi}{2} \\ \arctan x + \operatorname{arccot} x = \frac{\pi}{2} \end{gathered}

Reciprocal argument อาร์กิวเมนต์ส่วนกลับ

arctan⁡x+arctan⁡1x={π2x>0−π2x<0\arctan x + \arctan\frac1x = \begin{cases} \tfrac{\pi}{2} & x \gt 0 \\ -\tfrac{\pi}{2} & x \lt 0 \end{cases}

Negative arguments อาร์กิวเมนต์ติดลบ

arcsin⁡(−x)=−arcsin⁡xarctan⁡(−x)=−arctan⁡xarccos⁡(−x)=π−arccos⁡x\begin{gathered} \arcsin(-x) = -\arcsin x \\ \arctan(-x) = -\arctan x \\ \arccos(-x) = \pi - \arccos x \end{gathered}

Arctangent addition ผลบวกของ arctan

arctan⁡a+arctan⁡b=arctan⁡a+b1−ab(ab<1)\begin{gathered} \arctan a + \arctan b = \arctan\frac{a+b}{1-ab} \\ (ab \lt 1) \end{gathered}

Compositions ฟังก์ชันประกอบ (วาดสามเหลี่ยมมุมฉากช่วยคิด)

sin⁡(arccos⁡x)=cos⁡(arcsin⁡x)=1−x2tan⁡(arcsin⁡x)=x1−x2sin⁡(arctan⁡x)=x1+x2cos⁡(arctan⁡x)=11+x2\begin{gathered} \sin(\arccos x) = \cos(\arcsin x) = \sqrt{1-x^2} \\ \tan(\arcsin x) = \frac{x}{\sqrt{1-x^2}} \\ \sin(\arctan x) = \frac{x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}} \\ \cos(\arctan x) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+x^2}} \end{gathered}

Two-argument arctangent (atan2) arctan สองอาร์กิวเมนต์

atan2⁡(y,x)={arctan⁡yxx>0arctan⁡yx+πx<0, y≥0arctan⁡yx−πx<0, y<0±π2x=0, y≷0\operatorname{atan2}(y, x) = \begin{cases} \arctan\frac{y}{x} & x \gt 0 \\ \arctan\frac{y}{x} + \pi & x \lt 0,\ y \ge 0 \\ \arctan\frac{y}{x} - \pi & x \lt 0,\ y \lt 0 \\ \pm\frac{\pi}{2} & x = 0,\ y \gtrless 0 \end{cases}

มุมเฟสของ −1−j-1 - j คือ atan2⁡(−1,−1)=−135∘\operatorname{atan2}(-1, -1) = -135^\circ ไม่ใช่ arctan⁡(1)=45∘\arctan(1) = 45^\circ ที่เครื่องคิดเลขตอบ

ผลเฉลยทั่วไปของสมการตรีโกณ (General Solutions)

General solutions ผลเฉลยทุกค่า (n∈Zn \in \mathbb{Z})

sin⁡θ=sin⁡α⇒θ=nπ+(−1)nαcos⁡θ=cos⁡α⇒θ=2nπ±αtan⁡θ=tan⁡α⇒θ=nπ+α\begin{gathered} \sin\theta = \sin\alpha \Rightarrow \theta = n\pi + (-1)^n\alpha \\ \cos\theta = \cos\alpha \Rightarrow \theta = 2n\pi \pm \alpha \\ \tan\theta = \tan\alpha \Rightarrow \theta = n\pi + \alpha \end{gathered}
ตัวอย่างที่ 5

หา θ ทั้งหมดใน [0,2π)[0, 2\pi) ที่ทำให้ sin⁡θ=−12\sin\theta = -\tfrac12

ดูวิธีทำ

มุมอ้างอิงคือ arcsin⁡12=π6\arcsin\tfrac12 = \tfrac{\pi}{6} และ sin ติดลบในจตุภาคที่ 3 กับ 4

θ=π+π6=7π6θ=2π−π6=11π6\begin{gathered} \theta = \pi + \frac{\pi}{6} = \frac{7\pi}{6} \\ \theta = 2\pi - \frac{\pi}{6} = \frac{11\pi}{6} \end{gathered}

θ=7π6\theta = \tfrac{7\pi}{6} (210°) และ 11π6\tfrac{11\pi}{6} (330°) ส่วนเครื่องคิดเลขตอบ arcsin⁡(−12)=−30∘\arcsin(-\tfrac12) = -30^\circ ซึ่งเป็นมุมร่วมแขนกับ 330°

กฎของสามเหลี่ยมใด ๆ (Laws for Any Triangle)

ใช้กับสามเหลี่ยมทั่วไปที่ไม่จำเป็นต้องมีมุมฉาก ให้ด้าน a, b, c อยู่ตรงข้ามมุม A, B, C ตามลำดับ

Law of sines กฎของไซน์

asin⁡A=bsin⁡B=csin⁡C=2R\frac{a}{\sin A} = \frac{b}{\sin B} = \frac{c}{\sin C} = 2R

R คือรัศมีวงกลมล้อมรอบ (circumradius)

Law of cosines กฎของโคไซน์

c2=a2+b2−2abcos⁡Ccos⁡C=a2+b2−c22ab\begin{gathered} c^2 = a^2 + b^2 - 2ab\cos C \\ \cos C = \frac{a^2 + b^2 - c^2}{2ab} \end{gathered}

เมื่อ C = 90° จะลดเป็นทฤษฎีบทพีทาโกรัส

Law of tangents กฎของแทนเจนต์

a−ba+b=tan⁡A−B2tan⁡A+B2\frac{a-b}{a+b} = \frac{\tan\frac{A-B}{2}}{\tan\frac{A+B}{2}}

Projection formula สูตรภาพฉาย

a=bcos⁡C+ccos⁡Ba = b\cos C + c\cos B

Area (SAS) พื้นที่จากสองด้านกับมุมระหว่าง

Area=12absin⁡C\text{Area} = \tfrac12 ab\sin C

Heron’s formula สูตรของเฮรอน

Area=s(s−a)(s−b)(s−c)s=a+b+c2\begin{gathered} \text{Area} = \sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)} \\ s = \tfrac{a+b+c}{2} \end{gathered}

Triangle identities เมื่อ A+B+C=πA + B + C = \pi

tan⁡A+tan⁡B+tan⁡C=tan⁡Atan⁡Btan⁡Csin⁡2A+sin⁡2B+sin⁡2C=4sin⁡Asin⁡Bsin⁡C\begin{gathered} \tan A + \tan B + \tan C = \tan A\tan B\tan C \\ \sin 2A + \sin 2B + \sin 2C = 4\sin A\sin B\sin C \end{gathered}
ตัวอย่างที่ 6

สามเหลี่ยมมี a = 7, b = 8 และมุมระหว่างสองด้าน C = 60° หาด้าน c

ดูวิธีทำ c2=72+82−2(7)(8)cos⁡60∘=49+64−56=57\begin{aligned} c^2 &= 7^2 + 8^2 - 2(7)(8)\cos60^\circ \\ &= 49 + 64 - 56 = 57 \end{aligned}

c=57≈7.550c = \sqrt{57} \approx 7.550 หน่วย ใช้แบบเดียวกันรวมแรงหรือเฟเซอร์สองตัวที่ทำมุมกัน

อนุพันธ์ ปริพันธ์ และลิมิต (Calculus of Trigonometric Functions)

ทุกสูตรในหัวข้อนี้ใช้ได้เมื่อ x เป็นเรเดียนเท่านั้น ถ้าใช้องศาต้องคูณ π180\tfrac{\pi}{180} เพิ่ม ดูต่อได้ในบทแคลคูลัสเบื้องต้น และวิธีอินทิเกรตทีละขั้นอยู่ในบทอินทิกรัล

Fundamental trigonometric limits ลิมิตพื้นฐาน

lim⁡x→0sin⁡xx=1lim⁡x→01−cos⁡xx=0lim⁡x→01−cos⁡xx2=12\begin{gathered} \lim_{x\to0}\frac{\sin x}{x} = 1 \\ \lim_{x\to0}\frac{1-\cos x}{x} = 0 \\ \lim_{x\to0}\frac{1-\cos x}{x^2} = \frac12 \end{gathered}

Derivatives อนุพันธ์

(sin⁡x)′=cos⁡x(cos⁡x)′=−sin⁡x(tan⁡x)′=sec⁡2x(cot⁡x)′=−csc⁡2x(sec⁡x)′=sec⁡xtan⁡x(csc⁡x)′=−csc⁡xcot⁡x\begin{aligned} (\sin x)' &= \cos x & (\cos x)' &= -\sin x \\ (\tan x)' &= \sec^2 x & (\cot x)' &= -\csc^2 x \\ (\sec x)' &= \sec x\tan x & (\csc x)' &= -\csc x\cot x \end{aligned}

Derivatives of inverse functions อนุพันธ์ของฟังก์ชันผกผัน

(arcsin⁡x)′=11−x2(arccos⁡x)′=−11−x2(arctan⁡x)′=11+x2\begin{gathered} (\arcsin x)' = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}} \\ (\arccos x)' = -\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}} \\ (\arctan x)' = \frac{1}{1+x^2} \end{gathered}

Basic integrals ปริพันธ์พื้นฐาน (ละ + C)

∫sin⁡x dx=−cos⁡x∫cos⁡x dx=sin⁡x∫tan⁡x dx=ln⁡∣sec⁡x∣∫cot⁡x dx=ln⁡∣sin⁡x∣∫sec⁡x dx=ln⁡∣sec⁡x+tan⁡x∣∫csc⁡x dx=−ln⁡∣csc⁡x+cot⁡x∣∫sec⁡2x dx=tan⁡x∫csc⁡2x dx=−cot⁡x\begin{aligned} \int\sin x\,dx &= -\cos x \\ \int\cos x\,dx &= \sin x \\ \int\tan x\,dx &= \ln|\sec x| \\ \int\cot x\,dx &= \ln|\sin x| \\ \int\sec x\,dx &= \ln|\sec x + \tan x| \\ \int\csc x\,dx &= -\ln|\csc x + \cot x| \\ \int\sec^2 x\,dx &= \tan x \\ \int\csc^2 x\,dx &= -\cot x \end{aligned}

Integrals of squares ปริพันธ์ของกำลังสอง

∫sin⁡2x dx=x2−sin⁡2x4∫cos⁡2x dx=x2+sin⁡2x4\begin{gathered} \int\sin^2 x\,dx = \frac{x}{2} - \frac{\sin 2x}{4} \\ \int\cos^2 x\,dx = \frac{x}{2} + \frac{\sin 2x}{4} \end{gathered}

Integrals giving inverse functions ปริพันธ์ที่ได้ฟังก์ชันผกผัน

∫dxa2−x2=arcsin⁡xa∫dxa2+x2=1aarctan⁡xa\begin{gathered} \int\frac{dx}{\sqrt{a^2 - x^2}} = \arcsin\frac{x}{a} \\ \int\frac{dx}{a^2 + x^2} = \frac1a\arctan\frac{x}{a} \end{gathered}

อนุกรมเทย์เลอร์และการประมาณมุมเล็ก (Taylor Series, Small-Angle Approximation)

Maclaurin series อนุกรมแมคลอริน

sin⁡x=x−x33!+x55!−⋯cos⁡x=1−x22!+x44!−⋯\begin{gathered} \sin x = x - \frac{x^3}{3!} + \frac{x^5}{5!} - \cdots \\ \cos x = 1 - \frac{x^2}{2!} + \frac{x^4}{4!} - \cdots \end{gathered}

Series for tan and arctan อนุกรมของ tan และ arctan

tan⁡x=x+x33+2x515+17x7315+⋯arctan⁡x=x−x33+x55−⋯ (∣x∣≤1)\begin{gathered} \tan x = x + \frac{x^3}{3} + \frac{2x^5}{15} + \frac{17x^7}{315} + \cdots \\ \arctan x = x - \frac{x^3}{3} + \frac{x^5}{5} - \cdots\ (|x| \le 1) \end{gathered}

Small-angle approximation การประมาณมุมเล็ก

sin⁡θ≈θtan⁡θ≈θcos⁡θ≈1−θ22\begin{gathered} \sin\theta \approx \theta \\ \tan\theta \approx \theta \\ \cos\theta \approx 1 - \frac{\theta^2}{2} \end{gathered}

ใช้ทำให้สมการลูกตุ้ม θ¨+gLsin⁡θ=0\ddot\theta + \tfrac{g}{L}\sin\theta = 0 เป็นเชิงเส้น และใช้วิเคราะห์ระบบรอบจุดทำงาน

มุมθ (rad)ผิดพลาดของ sin θ ≈ θผิดพลาดของ tan θ ≈ θผิดพลาดของ cos θ ≈ 1 − θ²/2
5°0.0872660.127%0.254%0.0002%
10°0.1745330.510%1.017%0.0039%
15°0.2617991.152%2.295%0.0202%
20°0.3490662.060%4.095%0.0656%
30°0.5235994.720%9.310%0.3583%

กฎง่าย ๆ: ถ้ายอมผิดได้ 1% ใช้ sin θ ≈ θ ได้ถึงราว 14° และ tan θ ≈ θ ได้ถึงราว 10°

ที่มาของอนุกรมเหล่านี้ รัศมีการลู่เข้า ขอบเขตความคลาดเคลื่อนลากรองจ์ และแล็บเลือกดีกรีเอง อยู่ที่ อนุกรมเทย์เลอร์และแมคลอริน (Taylor Series)

ค่าเฉลี่ย RMS และความตั้งฉาก (Averages, RMS, Orthogonality)

สูตรกลุ่มนี้เป็นฐานของค่า RMS กำลังไฟฟ้าเฉลี่ย และอนุกรมฟูริเยร์ ทุกปริพันธ์คิดตลอดหนึ่งคาบ เรียนต่อเป็นขั้นตอนที่ ความตั้งฉากและสูตรออยเลอร์–ฟูเรียร์ และ กำลังไฟฟ้าเมื่อมีฮาร์มอนิก

Mean over a period ค่าเฉลี่ยในหนึ่งคาบ

sin⁡θ‾=cos⁡θ‾=0sin⁡2θ‾=cos⁡2θ‾=12\begin{gathered} \overline{\sin\theta} = \overline{\cos\theta} = 0 \\ \overline{\sin^2\theta} = \overline{\cos^2\theta} = \frac12 \end{gathered}

RMS of a sinusoid ค่า RMS ของคลื่นไซน์

Vrms=Vm2sin⁡2ωt‾=Vm2≈0.7071 VmV_{\text{rms}} = \sqrt{\overline{V_m^2\sin^2\omega t}} = \frac{V_m}{\sqrt2} \approx 0.7071\,V_m

ไฟบ้าน 230 V rms มีค่ายอดราว 325 V

Orthogonality relations ความตั้งฉากของไซน์ (m, n เป็นจำนวนเต็มบวก)

∫02πsin⁡mx sin⁡nx dx=∫02πcos⁡mx cos⁡nx dx={πm=n0m≠n∫02πsin⁡mx cos⁡nx dx=0\begin{gathered} \int_0^{2\pi}\sin mx\,\sin nx\,dx = \int_0^{2\pi}\cos mx\,\cos nx\,dx \\ = \begin{cases} \pi & m = n \\ 0 & m \ne n \end{cases} \\ \int_0^{2\pi}\sin mx\,\cos nx\,dx = 0 \end{gathered}

Average AC power กำลังไฟฟ้าเฉลี่ย

v=Vmcos⁡ωt,i=Imcos⁡(ωt−ϕ)P=vi‾=VmIm2cos⁡ϕ=VrmsIrmscos⁡ϕ\begin{gathered} v = V_m\cos\omega t,\quad i = I_m\cos(\omega t - \phi) \\ P = \overline{vi} = \frac{V_m I_m}{2}\cos\phi = V_{\text{rms}}I_{\text{rms}}\cos\phi \end{gathered}

ใช้สูตรผลคูณเป็นผลบวก แล้วพจน์ที่ความถี่ 2ω เฉลี่ยได้ศูนย์ เหลือ cos φ คือตัวประกอบกำลัง (power factor)

ตารางค่า sin cos tan ทุก 0.05° ตั้งแต่ 0° ถึง 90°

ทั้งหมด 1,801 แถว คอลัมน์ซ้ายเป็นองศา ถัดมาเป็นเรเดียน แถวที่เป็นมุมพิเศษทำตัวเน้นและบอกค่าในรูป π ไว้ใต้ค่าเรเดียน ค่าทุกช่องปัดเป็นทศนิยม 6 ตำแหน่ง ส่วน tan ของมุมใกล้ 90° แสดงเลขนัยสำคัญ 7 หลัก

  • มุมเกิน 90° ให้หามุมอ้างอิงก่อน แล้วใส่เครื่องหมายตาม ASTC เช่น sin⁡143.13∘=+sin⁡36.87∘\sin 143.13^\circ = +\sin 36.87^\circ
  • csc, sec, cot ใช้ส่วนกลับของค่าในตาราง
  • อ่านตารางกลับหัว ได้ด้วยโคฟังก์ชัน: cos⁡θ=sin⁡(90∘−θ)\cos\theta = \sin(90^\circ - \theta) ค่า cos ของแถว 20° จึงเท่ากับค่า sin ของแถว 70°
แตะตัวเลขในตารางเพื่อคัดลอก · ใช้ Ctrl+F ค้นเลขมุม เช่น “37.25°” ก็ได้
ค่า sin, cos และ tan ของมุม 0° ถึง 90° ทุก 0.05° (1,801 แถว) ค่าปัดเป็นทศนิยม 6 ตำแหน่ง tan มีเลขนัยสำคัญ 7 หลัก
องศาθ (°)เรเดียนθ (rad)sin θcos θtan θ
0.00°0.00000000.0000001.0000000.000000
0.05°0.0008730.0008731.0000000.000873
0.10°0.0017450.0017450.9999980.001745
0.15°0.0026180.0026180.9999970.002618
0.20°0.0034910.0034910.9999940.003491
0.25°0.0043630.0043630.9999900.004363
0.30°0.0052360.0052360.9999860.005236
0.35°0.0061090.0061090.9999810.006109
0.40°0.0069810.0069810.9999760.006981
0.45°0.0078540.0078540.9999690.007854
0.50°0.0087270.0087270.9999620.008727
0.55°0.0095990.0095990.9999540.009600
0.60°0.0104720.0104720.9999450.010472
0.65°0.0113450.0113440.9999360.011345
0.70°0.0122170.0122170.9999250.012218
0.75°0.0130900.0130900.9999140.013091
0.80°0.0139630.0139620.9999030.013964
0.85°0.0148350.0148350.9998900.014836
0.90°0.0157080.0157070.9998770.015709
0.95°0.0165810.0165800.9998630.016582
1.00°0.0174530.0174520.9998480.017455
1.05°0.0183260.0183250.9998320.018328
1.10°0.0191990.0191970.9998160.019201
1.15°0.0200710.0200700.9997990.020074
1.20°0.0209440.0209420.9997810.020947
1.25°0.0218170.0218150.9997620.021820
1.30°0.0226890.0226870.9997430.022693
1.35°0.0235620.0235600.9997220.023566
1.40°0.0244350.0244320.9997010.024439
1.45°0.0253070.0253050.9996800.025313
1.50°0.0261800.0261770.9996570.026186
1.55°0.0270530.0270490.9996340.027059
1.60°0.0279250.0279220.9996100.027933
1.65°0.0287980.0287940.9995850.028806
1.70°0.0296710.0296660.9995600.029679
1.75°0.0305430.0305390.9995340.030553
1.80°0.0314160.0314110.9995070.031426
1.85°0.0322890.0322830.9994790.032300
1.90°0.0331610.0331550.9994500.033173
1.95°0.0340340.0340270.9994210.034047
2.00°0.0349070.0348990.9993910.034921
2.05°0.0357790.0357720.9993600.035795
2.10°0.0366520.0366440.9993280.036668
2.15°0.0375250.0375160.9992960.037542
2.20°0.0383970.0383880.9992630.038416
2.25°0.0392700.0392600.9992290.039290
2.30°0.0401430.0401320.9991940.040164
2.35°0.0410150.0410040.9991590.041038
2.40°0.0418880.0418760.9991230.041912
2.45°0.0427610.0427480.9990860.042787
2.50°0.0436330.0436190.9990480.043661
2.55°0.0445060.0444910.9990100.044535
2.60°0.0453790.0453630.9989710.045410
2.65°0.0462510.0462350.9989310.046284
2.70°0.0471240.0471060.9988900.047159
2.75°0.0479970.0479780.9988480.048033
2.80°0.0488690.0488500.9988060.048908
2.85°0.0497420.0497210.9987630.049783
2.90°0.0506150.0505930.9987190.050658
2.95°0.0514870.0514640.9986750.051533
3.00°0.0523600.0523360.9986300.052408
3.05°0.0532330.0532070.9985830.053283
3.10°0.0541050.0540790.9985370.054158
3.15°0.0549780.0549500.9984890.055033
3.20°0.0558510.0558220.9984410.055909
3.25°0.0567230.0566930.9983920.056784
3.30°0.0575960.0575640.9983420.057660
3.35°0.0584690.0584350.9982910.058535
3.40°0.0593410.0593060.9982400.059411
3.45°0.0602140.0601770.9981880.060287
3.50°0.0610870.0610490.9981350.061163
3.55°0.0619590.0619200.9980810.062039
3.60°0.0628320.0627910.9980270.062915
3.65°0.0637050.0636610.9979720.063791
3.70°0.0645770.0645320.9979160.064667
3.75°0.0654500.0654030.9978590.065543
3.80°0.0663230.0662740.9978010.066420
3.85°0.0671950.0671450.9977430.067296
3.90°0.0680680.0680150.9976840.068173
3.95°0.0689410.0688860.9976250.069050
4.00°0.0698130.0697560.9975640.069927
4.05°0.0706860.0706270.9975030.070804
4.10°0.0715580.0714970.9974410.071681
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75.35°1.3151060.9674890.2529143.825371
75.40°1.3159780.9677090.2520693.839059
75.45°1.3168510.9679290.2512253.852840
75.50°1.3177240.9681480.2503803.866713
75.55°1.3185960.9683660.2495353.880681
75.60°1.3194690.9685830.2486903.894743
75.65°1.3203420.9688000.2478453.908901
75.70°1.3212140.9690160.2469993.923156
75.75°1.3220870.9692310.2461533.937509
75.80°1.3229600.9694450.2453073.951962
75.85°1.3238320.9696590.2444613.966514
75.90°1.3247050.9698720.2436153.981167
75.95°1.3255780.9700840.2427693.995922
76.00°1.3264500.9702960.2419224.010781
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76.40°1.3334320.9719610.2351424.133505
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76.65°1.3377950.9729780.2308994.213869
76.70°1.3386680.9731790.2300504.230298
76.75°1.3395400.9733790.2292004.246848
76.80°1.3404130.9735790.2283514.263522
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77.55°1.3535030.9764850.2155884.529410
77.60°1.3543750.9766720.2147354.548261
77.65°1.3552480.9768590.2138834.567261
77.70°1.3561210.9770460.2130304.586414
77.75°1.3569930.9772310.2121784.605721
77.80°1.3578660.9774160.2113254.625183
77.85°1.3587390.9776000.2104724.644803
77.90°1.3596110.9777830.2096194.664583
77.95°1.3604840.9779660.2087654.684525
78.00°1.3613570.9781480.2079124.704630
78.05°1.3622290.9783290.2070584.724901
78.10°1.3631020.9785090.2062044.745340
78.15°1.3639750.9786890.2053504.765949
78.20°1.3648470.9788670.2044964.786730
78.25°1.3657200.9790450.2036424.807685
78.30°1.3665930.9792230.2027874.828817
78.35°1.3674650.9793990.2019334.850128
78.40°1.3683380.9795750.2010784.871620
78.45°1.3692110.9797500.2002234.893296
78.50°1.3700830.9799250.1993684.915157
78.55°1.3709560.9800980.1985134.937207
78.60°1.3718290.9802710.1976574.959447
78.65°1.3727010.9804430.1968024.981881
78.70°1.3735740.9806150.1959465.004511
78.75°1.3744470.9807850.1950905.027339
78.80°1.3753190.9809550.1942345.050369
78.85°1.3761920.9811240.1933785.073602
78.90°1.3770650.9812930.1925225.097043
78.95°1.3779370.9814600.1916665.120692
79.00°1.3788100.9816270.1908095.144554
79.05°1.3796830.9817930.1899525.168631
79.10°1.3805550.9819590.1890955.192926
79.15°1.3814280.9821230.1882385.217443
79.20°1.3823010.9822870.1873815.242184
79.25°1.3831730.9824500.1865245.267152
79.30°1.3840460.9826130.1856675.292350
79.35°1.3849190.9827740.1848095.317783
79.40°1.3857910.9829350.1839515.343453
79.45°1.3866640.9830960.1830945.369363
79.50°1.3875370.9832550.1822365.395517
79.55°1.3884090.9834140.1813775.421919
79.60°1.3892820.9835710.1805195.448572
79.65°1.3901550.9837290.1796615.475479
79.70°1.3910270.9838850.1788025.502645
79.75°1.3919000.9840410.1779445.530072
79.80°1.3927730.9841960.1770855.557766
79.85°1.3936450.9843500.1762265.585730
79.90°1.3945180.9845030.1753675.613968
79.95°1.3953910.9846560.1745085.642484
80.00°1.3962630.9848080.1736485.671282
80.05°1.3971360.9849590.1727895.700366
80.10°1.3980090.9851090.1719295.729742
80.15°1.3988810.9852590.1710695.759412
80.20°1.3997540.9854080.1702095.789383
80.25°1.4006270.9855560.1693505.819657
80.30°1.4014990.9857030.1684895.850241
80.35°1.4023720.9858500.1676295.881139
80.40°1.4032450.9859960.1667695.912355
80.45°1.4041170.9861410.1659085.943895
80.50°1.4049900.9862860.1650485.975764
80.55°1.4058630.9864290.1641876.007968
80.60°1.4067350.9865720.1633266.040510
80.65°1.4076080.9867140.1624656.073398
80.70°1.4084810.9868560.1616046.106636
80.75°1.4093530.9869960.1607436.140230
80.80°1.4102260.9871360.1598816.174186
80.85°1.4110990.9872750.1590206.208511
80.90°1.4119710.9874140.1581586.243209
80.95°1.4128440.9875510.1572966.278287
81.00°1.4137170.9876880.1564346.313752
81.05°1.4145890.9878240.1555726.349609
81.10°1.4154620.9879600.1547106.385866
81.15°1.4163350.9880940.1538486.422530
81.20°1.4172070.9882280.1529866.459607
81.25°1.4180800.9883620.1521236.497104
81.30°1.4189530.9884940.1512616.535029
81.35°1.4198250.9886260.1503986.573389
81.40°1.4206980.9887560.1495356.612192
81.45°1.4215710.9888860.1486726.651445
81.50°1.4224430.9890160.1478096.691156
81.55°1.4233160.9891440.1469466.731334
81.60°1.4241890.9892720.1460836.771987
81.65°1.4250610.9893990.1452206.813123
81.70°1.4259340.9895260.1443566.854751
81.75°1.4268070.9896510.1434936.896880
81.80°1.4276790.9897760.1426296.939519
81.85°1.4285520.9899000.1417656.982678
81.90°1.4294250.9900240.1409017.026366
81.95°1.4302970.9901460.1400377.070593
82.00°1.4311700.9902680.1391737.115370
82.05°1.4320430.9903890.1383097.160706
82.10°1.4329150.9905090.1374457.206612
82.15°1.4337880.9906290.1365807.253099
82.20°1.4346610.9907480.1357167.300178
82.25°1.4355330.9908660.1348517.347861
82.30°1.4364060.9909830.1339867.396160
82.35°1.4372790.9911000.1331217.445086
82.40°1.4381510.9912160.1322567.494651
82.45°1.4390240.9913310.1313917.544870
82.50°1.4398970.9914450.1305267.595754
82.55°1.4407690.9915580.1296617.647317
82.60°1.4416420.9916710.1287967.699574
82.65°1.4425150.9917830.1279307.752537
82.70°1.4433870.9918940.1270657.806221
82.75°1.4442600.9920050.1261997.860642
82.80°1.4451330.9921150.1253337.915815
82.85°1.4460050.9922240.1244677.971755
82.90°1.4468780.9923320.1236018.028480
82.95°1.4477510.9924390.1227358.086004
83.00°1.4486230.9925460.1218698.144346
83.05°1.4494960.9926520.1210038.203524
83.10°1.4503690.9927570.1201378.263555
83.15°1.4512410.9928620.1192708.324458
83.20°1.4521140.9929660.1184048.386252
83.25°1.4529870.9930680.1175378.448957
83.30°1.4538590.9931710.1166718.512594
83.35°1.4547320.9932720.1158048.577184
83.40°1.4556050.9933730.1149378.642747
83.45°1.4564770.9934730.1140708.709308
83.50°1.4573500.9935720.1132038.776887
83.55°1.4582230.9936700.1123368.845510
83.60°1.4590950.9937680.1114698.915201
83.65°1.4599680.9938650.1106028.985984
83.70°1.4608410.9939610.1097349.057887
83.75°1.4617130.9940560.1088679.130935
83.80°1.4625860.9941510.1079999.205156
83.85°1.4634590.9942450.1071329.280580
83.90°1.4643310.9943380.1062649.357236
83.95°1.4652040.9944300.1053969.435153
84.00°1.4660770.9945220.1045289.514364
84.05°1.4669490.9946130.1036619.594902
84.10°1.4678220.9947030.1027939.676800
84.15°1.4686950.9947920.1019249.760093
84.20°1.4695670.9948810.1010569.844817
84.25°1.4704400.9949690.1001889.931009
84.30°1.4713130.9950560.09932010.01871
84.35°1.4721850.9951420.09845110.10795
84.40°1.4730580.9952270.09758310.19879
84.45°1.4739310.9953120.09671410.29126
84.50°1.4748030.9953960.09584610.38540
84.55°1.4756760.9954790.09497710.48126
84.60°1.4765490.9955620.09410810.57889
84.65°1.4774210.9956440.09323910.67835
84.70°1.4782940.9957250.09237110.77967
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84.80°1.4800390.9958840.09063310.98815
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84.90°1.4817850.9960410.08889411.20478
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85.15°1.4861480.9964190.08454711.78533
85.20°1.4870210.9964930.08367811.90868
85.25°1.4878930.9965660.08280812.03462
85.30°1.4887660.9966370.08193912.16324
85.35°1.4896390.9967090.08106912.29461
85.40°1.4905110.9967790.08019912.42883
85.45°1.4913840.9968480.07932912.56600
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85.55°1.4931290.9969850.07758912.84956
85.60°1.4940020.9970530.07671912.99616
85.65°1.4948750.9971190.07584913.14613
85.70°1.4957470.9971850.07497913.29957
85.75°1.4966200.9972500.07410813.45663
85.80°1.4974920.9973140.07323813.61741
85.85°1.4983650.9973780.07236813.78206
85.90°1.4992380.9974410.07149713.95072
85.95°1.5001100.9975030.07062714.12354
86.00°1.5009830.9975640.06975614.30067
86.05°1.5018560.9976250.06888614.48227
86.10°1.5027280.9976840.06801514.66853
86.15°1.5036010.9977430.06714514.85962
86.20°1.5044740.9978010.06627415.05572
86.25°1.5053460.9978590.06540315.25705
86.30°1.5062190.9979160.06453215.46381
86.35°1.5070920.9979720.06366115.67623
86.40°1.5079640.9980270.06279115.89454
86.45°1.5088370.9980810.06192016.11900
86.50°1.5097100.9981350.06104916.34986
86.55°1.5105820.9981880.06017716.58740
86.60°1.5114550.9982400.05930616.83191
86.65°1.5123280.9982910.05843517.08372
86.70°1.5132000.9983420.05756417.34315
86.75°1.5140730.9983920.05669317.61056
86.80°1.5149460.9984410.05582217.88631
86.85°1.5158180.9984890.05495018.17081
86.90°1.5166910.9985370.05407918.46447
86.95°1.5175640.9985830.05320718.76775
87.00°1.5184360.9986300.05233619.08114
87.05°1.5193090.9986750.05146419.40513
87.10°1.5201820.9987190.05059319.74029
87.15°1.5210540.9987630.04972120.08720
87.20°1.5219270.9988060.04885020.44649
87.25°1.5228000.9988480.04797820.81883
87.30°1.5236720.9988900.04710621.20495
87.35°1.5245450.9989310.04623521.60563
87.40°1.5254180.9989710.04536322.02171
87.45°1.5262900.9990100.04449122.45410
87.50°1.5271630.9990480.04361922.90377
87.55°1.5280360.9990860.04274823.37178
87.60°1.5289080.9991230.04187623.85928
87.65°1.5297810.9991590.04100424.36751
87.70°1.5306540.9991940.04013224.89783
87.75°1.5315260.9992290.03926025.45170
87.80°1.5323990.9992630.03838826.03074
87.85°1.5332720.9992960.03751626.63669
87.90°1.5341440.9993280.03664427.27149
87.95°1.5350170.9993600.03577227.93723
88.00°1.5358900.9993910.03489928.63625
88.05°1.5367620.9994210.03402729.37111
88.10°1.5376350.9994500.03315530.14462
88.15°1.5385080.9994790.03228330.95993
88.20°1.5393800.9995070.03141131.82052
88.25°1.5402530.9995340.03053932.73026
88.30°1.5411260.9995600.02966633.69351
88.35°1.5419980.9995850.02879434.71512
88.40°1.5428710.9996100.02792235.80055
88.45°1.5437440.9996340.02704936.95600
88.50°1.5446160.9996570.02617738.18846
88.55°1.5454890.9996800.02530539.50589
88.60°1.5463620.9997010.02443240.91741
88.65°1.5472340.9997220.02356042.43346
88.70°1.5481070.9997430.02268744.06611
88.75°1.5489800.9997620.02181545.82935
88.80°1.5498520.9997810.02094247.73950
88.85°1.5507250.9997990.02007049.81573
88.90°1.5515980.9998160.01919752.08067
88.95°1.5524700.9998320.01832554.56130
89.00°1.5533430.9998480.01745257.28996
89.05°1.5542160.9998630.01658060.30582
89.10°1.5550880.9998770.01570763.65674
89.15°1.5559610.9998900.01483567.40185
89.20°1.5568340.9999030.01396271.61507
89.25°1.5577060.9999140.01309076.39001
89.30°1.5585790.9999250.01221781.84704
89.35°1.5594520.9999360.01134488.14357
89.40°1.5603240.9999450.01047295.48948
89.45°1.5611970.9999540.009599104.1709
89.50°1.5620700.9999620.008727114.5887
89.55°1.5629420.9999690.007854127.3213
89.60°1.5638150.9999760.006981143.2371
89.65°1.5646880.9999810.006109163.7002
89.70°1.5655600.9999860.005236190.9842
89.75°1.5664330.9999900.004363229.1817
89.80°1.5673060.9999940.003491286.4777
89.85°1.5681780.9999970.002618381.9710
89.90°1.5690510.9999980.001745572.9572
89.95°1.5699241.0000000.0008731145.915
90.00°1.570796π/21.0000000.000000∞ไม่นิยาม

คำถามที่พบบ่อย

จำค่า sin cos tan ของมุม 30° 45° 60° อย่างไรให้ไม่ลืม?

เขียน sin ของ 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90° เป็น 02,12,22,32,42\tfrac{\sqrt0}{2}, \tfrac{\sqrt1}{2}, \tfrac{\sqrt2}{2}, \tfrac{\sqrt3}{2}, \tfrac{\sqrt4}{2} คือ √ ของ 0 ถึง 4 หารด้วย 2 ส่วน cos คือลำดับเดียวกันแต่กลับหลัง และ tan = sin ÷ cos

ทำไมในแคลคูลัสต้องใช้มุมเป็นเรเดียน?

เพราะสูตร ddxsin⁡x=cos⁡x\tfrac{d}{dx}\sin x = \cos x มาจากลิมิต lim⁡x→0sin⁡xx=1\lim_{x\to0}\tfrac{\sin x}{x} = 1 ซึ่งจริงเฉพาะเมื่อ x เป็นเรเดียน ถ้าใช้องศาจะได้ ddxsin⁡x∘=π180cos⁡x∘\tfrac{d}{dx}\sin x^\circ = \tfrac{\pi}{180}\cos x^\circ มีตัวคูณเกินมา

หาค่า sin ของมุมที่มากกว่า 90° จากตาราง 0°–90° ได้อย่างไร?

หามุมอ้างอิง (reference angle) ซึ่งเป็นมุมแหลมระหว่างแขนมุมกับแกน x แล้วเปิดตาราง จากนั้นใส่เครื่องหมายตามจตุภาค ASTC เช่น sin⁡150∘=+sin⁡30∘=0.5\sin 150^\circ = +\sin 30^\circ = 0.5 และ cos⁡210∘=−cos⁡30∘\cos 210^\circ = -\cos 30^\circ

atan2 ต่างจาก arctan อย่างไร?

arctan⁡(y/x)\arctan(y/x) ให้มุมได้แค่ช่วง −90° ถึง 90° จึงแยก (1, 1) กับ (−1, −1) ไม่ออก ส่วน atan2⁡(y,x)\operatorname{atan2}(y, x) ดูเครื่องหมายของ x และ y แยกกัน จึงให้มุมถูกจตุภาคในช่วง −180° ถึง 180° ใช้หามุมเฟสของจำนวนเชิงซ้อนและเฟเซอร์

ตารางนี้ละเอียดแค่ไหน และใช้แทนเครื่องคิดเลขได้ไหม?

ตารางให้ค่าทุก 0.05° ปัดเป็นทศนิยม 6 ตำแหน่ง ถ้ามุมอยู่ระหว่างสองแถว ใช้ช่องค้นหาด้านบนตารางซึ่งคำนวณค่าจริงของมุมใดก็ได้ และหามุมจากค่า sin, cos หรือ tan ได้ด้วย